Ar-Rajim means, being expelled from all types of righteousness. Allah said,
﴿وَلَقَدْ زَيَّنَّا
السَّمَآءَ الدُّنْيَا بِمَصَـبِيحَ وَجَعَلْنَـهَا رُجُوماً
لِّلشَّيَـطِينِ﴾
(And indeed We have adorned the nearest heaven with lamps, and We have made
such lamps Rujuman (as missiles) to drive away the Shayatin (devils)) (67:5).
Allah also said,
﴿إِنَّا زَيَّنَّا
السَّمَآءَ الدُّنْيَا بِزِينَةٍ الْكَوَكِبِ - وَحِفْظاً مِّن كُلِّ شَيْطَـنٍ
مَّارِدٍ - لاَّ يَسَّمَّعُونَ إِلَى الْمَلإِ الاٌّعْلَى وَيُقْذَفُونَ مِن كُلِّ
جَانِبٍ - دُحُوراً وَلَهُمْ عَذابٌ وَاصِبٌ - إِلاَّ مَنْ خَطِفَ الْخَطْفَةَ
فَأَتْبَعَهُ شِهَابٌ ثَاقِبٌ ﴾
(Verily, We have adorned the near heaven with the stars (for beauty). And to
guard against every rebellious devil. They cannot listen to the higher group
(angels) for they are pelted from every side. Outcast, and theirs is a constant
(or painful) torment. Except such as snatch away something by stealing, and they
are pursued by a flaming fire of piercing brightness) (37:6-10).
Further, Allah said,
﴿وَلَقَدْ جَعَلْنَا
فِى السَّمَاءِ بُرُوجًا وَزَيَّنَّـهَا لِلنَّـظِرِينَ - وَحَفِظْنَـهَا مِن كُلِّ
شَيْطَـنٍ رَّجِيمٍ - إِلاَّ مَنِ اسْتَرَقَ السَّمْعَ فَأَتْبَعَهُ شِهَابٌ
مُّبِينٌ ﴾
(And indeed, We have put the big stars in the heaven and We beautified it for
the beholders. And We have guarded it (near heaven) from every Shaytan Rajim
(outcast Shaytan). Except him (devil) who steals the hearing then he is pursued
by a clear flaming fire.) (15:16-18).
There are several similar Ayat. It was also said that Rajim means, the person
who throws or bombards things, because the devil throws doubts and evil thoughts
in people's hearts. The first meaning is more popular and accurate.
| Bismillah is the First Ayah of Al-Fatihah |
The Companions started the Book of Allah with Bismillah:
﴿بِسْمِ اللَّهِ
الرَّحْمَـنِ الرَّحِيمِ ﴾
(1. In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.)
The scholars also agree that Bismillah is a part of an Ayah in Surat An-Naml
(chapter 27). They disagree over whether it is a separate Ayah before every
Surah, or if it is an Ayah, or a part of an Ayah, included in every Surah where
the Bismillah appears in its beginning. Ad-Daraqutni also recorded a Hadith from
Abu Hurayrah from the Prophet that supports this Hadith by Ibn Khuzaymah. Also,
similar statements were attributed to `Ali, Ibn `Abbas and others.
The opinion that Bismillah is an Ayah of every Surah, except Al-Bara'ah
(chapter 9), was attributed to (the Companions) Ibn `Abbas, Ibn `Umar, Ibn
Az-Zubayr, Abu Hurayrah and `Ali. This opinion was also attributed to the
Tabi`in: `Ata', Tawus, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Makhul and Az-Zuhri. This is also the
view of `Abdullah bin Al-Mubarak, Ash-Shafi`i, Ahmad bin Hanbal, (in one report
from him) Ishaq bin Rahwayh and Abu `Ubayd Al-Qasim bin Salam. On the other
hand, Malik, Abu Hanifah and their followers said that Bismillah is not an Ayah
in Al-Fatihah or any other Surah. Dawud said that it is a separate Ayah in the
beginning of every Surah, not part of the Surah itself, and this opinion was
also attributed to Ahmad bin Hanbal.
| Basmalah aloud in the Prayer |
As for Basmalah aloud during the prayer, those who did not agree that it is a
part of Al-Fatihah, state that the Basmalah should not be aloud. The scholars
who stated that Bismillah is a part of every Surah (except chapter 9) had
different opinions; some of them, such as Ash-Shafi`i, said that one should
recite Bismillah with Al-Fatihah aloud. This is also the opinion of many among
the Companions, the Tabi`in and the Imams of Muslims from the Salaf and the
later generations. For instance, this is the opinion of Abu Hurayrah, Ibn `Umar,
Ibn `Abbas, Mu`awiyah, `Umar and `Ali - according to Ibn `Abdul-Barr and
Al-Bayhaqi. Also, the Four Khalifahs - as Al-Khatib reported - were said to have
held this view although the report from them is contradicted. The Tabi`in
scholars who gave this Tafsir include Sa`id bin Jubayr, `Ikrimah, Abu Qilabah,
Az-Zuhri, `Ali bin Al-Hasan, his son Muhammad, Sa`id bin Al-Musayyib, `Ata',
Tawus, Mujahid, Salim, Muhammad bin Ka`b Al-Qurazi, Abu Bakr bin Muhammad bin
`Amr bin Hazm, Abu Wa'il, Ibn Sirin, Muhammad bin Al-Munkadir, `Ali bin
`Abdullah bin `Abbas, his son Muhammad, Nafi` the freed slave of Ibn `Umar, Zayd
bin Aslam, `Umar bin `Abdul-Aziz, Al-Azraq bin Qays, Habib bin Abi Thabit, Abu
Ash-Sha`tha', Makhul and `Abdullah bin Ma`qil bin Muqarrin. Also, Al-Bayhaqi
added `Abdullah bin Safwan, and Muhammad bin Al-Hanafiyyah to this list. In
addition, Ibn `Abdul-Barr added `Amr bin Dinar.
The proof that these scholars relied on is that, since Bismillah is a part of
Al-Fatihah, it should be recited aloud like the rest of Al-Fatihah. Also,
An-Nasa'i recorded in his Sunan, Ibn Hibban and Ibn Khuzaymah in their Sahihs
and Al-Hakim in the Mustadrak, that Abu Hurayrah once performed the prayer and
recited Bismillah aloud. After he finished the prayer, he said, "Among you, I
perform the prayer that is the closest to the prayer of the Messenger of Allah
.'' Ad-Daraqutni, Al-Khatib and Al-Bayhaqi graded this Hadith Sahih Furthermore,
in Sahih Al-Bukhari it is recorded that Anas bin Malik was asked about the
recitation of the Prophet . He said, "His recitation was unhurried.'' He then
demonstrated that and recited, while lengthening the recitation of Bismillah
Ar-Rahman Ar-Rahim, Also, in the Musnad of Imam Ahmad, the Sunan of Abu Dawud,
the Sahih of Ibn Hibban and the Mustadrak of Al-Hakim - it is recorded that Umm
Salamah said, "The Messenger of Allah used to distinguish each Ayah during his
recitation,
﴿بِسْمِ اللَّهِ
الرَّحْمَـنِ الرَّحِيمِ - الْحَمْدُ للَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَـلَمِينَ - الرَّحْمَـنِ
الرَّحِيمِ - مَـلِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ ﴾
(In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. All praise and
thanks be to Allah, the Lord of all that exists, the Most Gracious, the Most
Merciful. The Owner of the Day of Recompense.)''
Ad-Daraqutni graded the chain of narration for this Hadith Sahih Furthermore,
Imam Abu `Abdullah Ash-Shafi`i and Al-Hakim in his Mustadrak, recorded that
Mu`awiyah led the prayer in Al-Madinah and did not recite the Bismillah. The
Muhajirin who were present at that prayer criticized that. When Mu`awiyah led
the following prayer, he recited the Bismillah aloud.
The Hadiths mentioned above provide sufficient proof for the opinion that the
Bismillah is recited aloud. As for the opposing evidences and the scientific
analysis of the narrations mentioned their weaknesses or otherwise it is not our
desire to discuss this subject at this time.
Other scholars stated that the Bismillah should not be recited aloud in the
prayer, and this is the established practice of the Four Khalifahs, as well as
`Abdullah bin Mughaffal and several scholars among the Tabi`in and later
generations. It is also the Madhhab (view) of Abu Hanifah, Ath-Thawri and Ahmad
bin Hanbal.
Imam Malik stated that the Bismillah is not recited aloud or silently. This
group based their view upon what Imam Muslim recorded that `A'ishah said that
the Messenger of Allah used to start the prayer by reciting the Takbir (Allahu
Akbar; Allah is Greater) and then recite,
﴿الْحَمْدُ للَّهِ
رَبِّ الْعَـلَمِينَ ﴾
(All praise and thanks be to Allah, the Lord of all that exists.) (Ibn Abi
Hatim 1:12).
Also, the Two Sahihs recorded that Anas bin Malik said, "I prayed behind the
Prophet , Abu Bakr, `Umar and `Uthman and they used to start their prayer with,
﴿الْحَمْدُ للَّهِ
رَبِّ الْعَـلَمِينَ ﴾
(All praise and thanks be to Allah, the Lord of all that exists.)
Muslim added, "And they did not mention,
﴿بِسْمِ اللَّهِ
الرَّحْمَـنِ الرَّحِيمِ ﴾
(In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful) whether in the
beginning or the end of the recitation.'' Similar is recorded in the Sunan books
from `Abdullah bin Mughaffal, may Allah be pleased with him.
These are the opinions held by the respected Imams, and their statements are
similar in that they agree that the prayer of those who recite Al-Fatihah aloud
or in secret is correct. All the favor is from Allah.
| The Virtue of Al-Fatihah |
Imam Ahmad recorded in his Musnad, that a person who was riding behind the
Prophet said, "The Prophet's animal tripped, so I said, `Cursed Shaytan.' The
Prophet said,
«لَا تَقُلْ: تَعِسَ
الشَّيْطَانُ، فَإِنَّكَ إِذَا قُلْتَ: تَعِسَ الشَّيْطَانُ، تَعَاظَمَ وَقَالَ:
بِقُوَّتِي صَرَعْتُهُ، وَإِذَا قُلْتَ: بِاسْمِ اللهِ تَصَاغَرَ حَتى يَصِيرَ
مِثْلَ الذُبَابِ»
(Do not say, 'Cursed Shaytan,' for if you say these words, Satan becomes
arrogant and says, 'With my strength I made him fall.' When you say,
'Bismillah,' Satan will become as small as a fly.)
Further, An-Nasa'i recorded in his book Al-Yawm wal-Laylah, and also Ibn
Marduwyah in his Tafsir that Usamah bin `Umayr said, "I was riding behind the
Prophet...'' and he mentioned the rest of the above Hadith. The Prophet said in
this narration,
«لَا تَقُلْ هكَذَا
فَإِنَّهُ يَتَعَاظَمُ حَتَّى يَكُونَ كَالْبَيْتِ، وَلكِنْ قُلْ: بِسْمِ اللهِ،
فَإنَّهُ يَصْغَرُ حَتَّى يَكُونَ كَالذُبَابَةِ»
(Do not say these words, because then Satan becomes larger; as large as a
house. Rather, say, 'Bismillah,' because Satan then becomes as small as a fly.)
This is the blessing of reciting Bismillah.
| Basmalah is recommended before performing any Deed |
Basmalah (reciting Bismillah) is recommended before starting any action or
deed. For instance, Basmalah is recommended before starting a Khutbah (speech).
The Basmalah is also recommended before one enters the place where he wants
to relieve himself, there is a Hadith concerning this practice. Further,
Basmalah is recommended at the beginning of ablution, for Imam Ahmad and the
Sunan compilers recorded that Abu Hurayrah, Sa`id bin Zayd and Abu Sa`id
narrated from the Prophet ,
«لَا وُضُوءَ لِمَنْ
لَمْ يَذْكُرِ اسْمَ اللهِ عَلَيْهِ»
(There is no valid ablution for he who did not mention Allah's Name in it.)
This Hadith is Hasan (good). Also, the Basmalah is recommended before eating,
for Muslim recorded in his Sahih that the Messenger of Allah said to `Umar bin
Abi Salamah while he was a child under his care,
«قُلْ بِسْمِ اللهِ
وَكُلْ بِيَمِينِكَ وَكُلْ مِمَّا يَلِيكَ»
(Say Bismillah, eat with your right hand and eat from whatever is next to
you.)
Some of the scholars stated that Basmalah before eating is obligatory.
Basmalah before having sexual intercourse is also recommended. The Two Sahihs
recorded that Ibn `Abbas said that the Messenger of Allah said,
«لَوْ أَنَّ
أَحَدَكُمْ إِذَا أَرَادَ أَنْ يَأْتِيَ أَهْلَهُ قَالَ: بِسْمِ اللهِ اللَهُمَّ
جَنِّبْنَا الشَّيْطَانَ وَجَنِّبِ الشَّيْطَانَ مَا رَزَقْتَنَا،فَإنَّهُ إِنْ
يُقَدَّرْ بَيْنَهُمَا وَلَدٌ لَمْ يَضُرَّهُ الشَّيْطَانُ أَبَدًا»
(If anyone of you before having sexual relations with his wife says, 'In the
Name of Allah. O Allah! Protect us from Satan and also protect what you grant us
(meaning the coming offspring) from Satan,' and if it is destined that they
should have a child then, Satan will never be able to harm that child.)
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